Day #2.7.2

Lesson 12 (Part I)

• The 4 different types of Japanese endings in sentences

 1. Sentences that end with verbs

These sentences end with ‘ます | masu’, for example  あした テストが あります。| I have a test tomorrow.

2. Sentences that end with nouns 

Nouns and adjectives have similar endings. They only differ in terms of the tense that they are in. Nouns end with ‘です | desu’, for example ふじ山は ゆうめいな山です。| Mount Fuji is a beautiful mountain.

3. Sentences that end with ‘na’ adjectives

These type of sentences end with ‘です | desu’ too, さくらの はなは きれいです。| Sakura flower is pretty.

4. Sentences that end with ‘i’ adjectives

3 types of sentences end with ‘です | desu’; nouns and two kinds of adjectives. 今日は あついです。 | Today is hot.

Day #1.11.1

Official penultimate lesson before the listening test and oral exam! 😮  We finally finished with Kanji and Lesson #7 – Tasks like Giving and Receiving (last lesson), Lending & Borrowing, Teach & Learn, Sending & Making a phone call.

These are direction related verbs. When talking about a relationship/ action between two people, there is the idea of “from whom” and “to who” *Particle ‘ni | に’ is used in this context. As in previous lesson #8.1, the *particle ‘e | へ’ can be used interchangeably with *particle ‘ni | に’ when talking about directions ‘go | いきます’, ‘come | きます’ and ‘go back | かえります’.

LEND & BORROW | Kashimasu & Karimasu | かします & かります

Conveying Tanaka san lending Satou san a book:

Tanaka lends Satou a book. | Tanaka-san wa Satou-san ni hon o kashimasu. | たなかさん は さとうさん に ほん を かします。

Conveying that Satou borrows a book from Tanaka:

Satou borrows a book from Tanaka. | Satou-san wa Tanaka-san ni hon o karimasu. | さとうさん は たなかさん に ほん を かります。

TEACHING & LEARNING | Oshiemasu & Naraimasu | おしえます & ならいます

Teacher Ayumi teaches Japanese Language to students . | Ayumi Sensei wa gakusei ni nihongo o oshiemasu. |あゆみ 先生 は がくせい に 日本ご  を おしえます。

Students learn Japanese Language from Teacher Ayumi. | Gakusei wa Ayumi Sensei ni nihongo o naraimasu. | がくせい は あゆみ 先生 に 日本ご を ならいます。

MAKE A PHONE CALL | Denwa o kakemasu | でんわ を かけます

Conveying that the girl Anne is making a phone call to her boyfriend:

Anne makes a phone call to her boyfriend. | Anne-san wa kare san ni denwa o kakemasu. | アッンさん は かれ に でんわ を かけます。

SENDING ~ | Okurimasu | おくります

Yamada sends a package to her friend in America. | Yamada-san wa Amerika no tomodachi ni nimotsu o okurimasu. | やまださん は アメリカの ともだち に にもつ を おくります。

Day #8.2

LESSON #5 – Going & Coming

Recap from previous lesson

Present

To go | Ikimasu | いきます

To come | Kimasu | きます

Past

Gone | Ikimashita | いきました

Came | Kimashita | きました

–  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –

In phrasing a sentence with a direction like “go” and “come”, we use the particle ‘e | へ’. It is kinda an equivalent of “to” in English.

Phrasing sentences with “GO” (adding certain direction particles)

Q:

[present tense]

Where are you going? | Doko e ikimasu ka? | どこ へ いきます か。

Where are you going tomorrow? | Ashita doko e ikimasu ka? | あした は どこ へ いきます か。

Are you going to the library? | Toshokan e ikimasu ka? |

Where are you going during the holidays in December? | Juni gatsu no yasumi ni doko e ikimasu ka?

[past tense]

Where did you go yesterday? | Kino doko e ikimashita ka?

Did you go to the supermarket yesterday? | Kino supa e ikimashita ka?

Did you go to a restaurant last week? | Sensho resutoran e ikimashita ka?

Who did you go to the restaurant with yesterday? | Kino dare [?] resutoran e ikimashita ka?

Did you go to a restaurant last Saturday? | Sensho no doyobi ni resutoran e ikimashita ka?

S:

I’m going home. | Watashi wa uchi e kaerimasu. |

I’m going to the library tomorrow. | Watashi wa toshokan e ikimasu. |

I’m going home after class. | Kurasu kara, uchi e kaerimasu. |

I’m going to Osaka. | Osaka e ikimasu. |

I’m going to Osaka with my friends. | Tomodachi to isshoni Osaka e ikimasu. |

I’m going to Osaka with my friends in December. | Juni gatsu ni tomodachi to isshoni Osaka e ikimasu. |

I went to Tokyo last year. | Sen~ Tokyo e ikimashita.

[negative]

I’m not going anywhere. | Doko e mo ikimasen. |

I went to a restaurant with my friends last Saturday. | Sensho no doyobi ni tomodachi to isshoni resutoran e ikimashita. |

Phrasing sentences with “COME”

Q:

[past tense]

When did you come to Japan? | Itsu nihon e kimashita ka? | いつ にほん へ きました か。

What time did you come to school? | Nanji ni gakko e kimashita ka? |

What time did you come here? | Nanji ni koko e kimashita ka? |

S:

[past tense]

I came last week. | Senshu kimashita. |

I came yesterday. | Kino kimashita. |

I came at 8 o’clock. | Hachi ji ni kimashita. |

Phrasing sentences with “GO BACK” [To go back | Kaerimasu | かえります]

S:

My Japanese class ends at 7 o’clock. After that, I go back home. | Nihongo no kurasu wa shichi ji ni owarimasu. Sore kara, uchi e kaerimasu. | にほんご の くらすは しちじ に おわります。それ から、うち へ かえります。

* Particle ‘ni’ (on, at, in) is used to show when in time, e.g. in June, on Wednesday, at Christmas, at 5 o’clock. It cannot however be used for “last week”, “next year” etc. (Same rules apply for English)

–  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –

Today I also learnt “by what means” – in the context of transportation. The particle ‘de | で’ is used to suggest “by ~”.  It’s a little different from English in a sense that it starts of with the “mode of transportation” followed by the word “by” – a literal translation would be “car by | kimura de” or “train by | densha de”. It also opens the sentence, unlike English.

Helpful way to understand:

I go to school by train = Train by + school + *particle e + go = Mode of transport + *particle de + Place + *particle e + Verb ]

Q:

[present tense]

By what means/ How do you go to school everyday? | Mainichi nan de gakko e ikimasu ka? | まいにち なん で がっこう へ いきます か。

[past tense]

How did you come to school today? | Kyo nan de gakko e kimashita ka? | きょ なん で がっこう へ きました か。

OR

How did you come to school? | Doyatte kimashita ka? | どやって きました か。

S:

[present tense]

I go to school by train. | Densha de gakko e ikimasu. | でんしゃ で がっこう へ いきます。

I go to school by bus and train. | Basu to densha de gakko e ikimasu. | ばすと と でんしゃ で がっこう え いきます。

[including ‘to isshoni’ from the previous lesson] 

When including “together with someone”, add the phrase ‘~ to isshoni’ in the beginning. Phrasing structure: ~ to isshoni + Transport + *particle de + Place + *particle e + Verb/ Action.

I go to school by train with my friend. | Tomodachi to isshoni densha de gakko e ikimasu. | ともだち と いっしょに でんしゃ で がっこう へ いきます。

[past tense]

I came alone by train and bus. | Hitoride densha to basu de kimashita. | ひとりで でんしゃ と ばす で きました。

[including ‘to isshoni’ from the previous lesson]

I came by bus with my friend. | Tomodachi to isshoni basu de kimashita. | ともだち と いっしょに ばす で きました。

I came to school by bus with my friend. | Tomodachi to isshoni basu de gakko e kimashita. | ともだち と いっしょに ばす で がっこう へ きました。

[including the verb “go back”]

I go back to my country by ship. | Fu ne de kuni e kaerimasu. | ふね で くに え かえります。

[including the particles ‘kara | から’ and ‘made | まで’]

I go to Osaka from Tokyo by Shinkansen (bullet train) | Tokyo kara Osaka made Shinkansen de ikimasu. | ときょ から おさか まで しんかんせん で いきます。

–  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –  –

Extra stuff learnt:

1. Is your major hard/ tough? | Senko no benkyo wa tai hen desu ka? | せんこう の べんきょうは たいへん です か。

2. The word ‘yo |’ is used to highlight something of importance. Such as:

There’s a test tomorrow! | Ashita wa tesuto desu yo! | あした は てすとです よ！